• Bupivacaine is one of the local anesthetics

  2021-09-11

  

  Bupivacaine is one of the local anesthetics commonly used in spinal anesthesia. Previous studies had shown that bupivacaine induced neuronal apoptosis and axon degeneration among various neuronal populations in spinal cord, such as sciatic nerves and dorsal root ampk pathway (DRG) neurons [5], [6],

• In addition to redox stress nutritional intake plays

  2021-09-11

  

  In addition to redox stress, nutritional intake plays a key role in modulating energy metabolism. DIO animal models are commonly used to study altered metabolic changes consequential to fat storage within various fat pads. In general, diets containing >40% high-fat lard, milk, and butter promote exc

• Free fatty acid receptor FFAR also known as

  2021-09-11

  

  Free fatty ceramide receptor 1 (FFAR1, also known as GPR40) belongs to the family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and was de-orphanized in 2003 as a receptor for medium-to long-chain free fatty acids (FFAs) [9,10]. Mainly expressed in beta cells of pancreatic islets, GPR40 can be activated b

• BRD-9424 australia Despite potent biological actions the nat

  2021-09-11

  

  Despite potent biological actions, the native hormone undergoes degradation by the enzyme dipeptidylpeptidase-IV (DPP-IV) [17] and is rapidly cleared from the bloodstream by renal filtration [18]. One such approach to prolong the biological half-life of GIP is through conjugation with a polyethylene

• br Acknowledgements This work was supported

  2021-09-11

  

  Acknowledgements This work was supported by a fellowship to C.H. under the ‘100 Foreign Expert’ scheme of the Shanxi province government(R100456). Conflict of interest: Dr. Holscher is a named inventor on a patent submitted by Lancaster University on the use of dual GLP-1/GIP analogues in neurode

• Ning et al showed that LPC appeared to increase insulin

  2021-09-10

  

  Ning et al. showed that LPC 18:1 appeared to increase insulin release through both GPR119-dependent and -independent mechanisms (Ning et al., 2008). In our study, we have shown that not only GPR119 but also GPR40 and GPR55 participate in LPC-stimulated insulin secretion (Fig. 4, Fig. 5) and target p

• Acknowledgements br Introduction Histamine mediates various

  2021-09-10

  

  Acknowledgements Introduction Histamine mediates various physiological functions and pathological actions through its interactions with histamine receptors that belong to the superfamily of seven transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) (Haas et al., 2008). Four histamine receptor subty

• It has been reported that CD glioma stem

  2021-09-10

  

  It has been reported that CD133+ glioma stem Fumagillin are resistant to temozolomide (TMZ) therapy [155]. Dose dependent TMZ treatment of CD133+ cells enhanced activities of the Notch and SHh pathways [156]. Moreover, 500 μmol/L TMZ induced a significant upregulation of Gli1, HES1 and HES5 transcr

• br Conflict of interest br Acknowledgements br

  2021-09-10

  

  Conflict of interest Acknowledgements A Class of Unconventional, Dimerization-Activated GTPases GTP-binding proteins, or GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate numerous cellular pathways 1, 2, 3, 4. Pioneering work on the extended Ras subfamily of GTPases, exemplified by Ras,

• Increasing number of experimental data reveal that both ROS

  2021-09-10

  

  Increasing number of experimental data reveal that both ROS and RNS are multifunctional molecules playing a substantial role in plant physiology and particularly in seed biology (Bailly et al., 2008; Šírová et al., 2011; Yu et al., 2014). Dual function of RNS can be described by the model of “nitros

• br Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus

  2021-09-10

  

  Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is a retrovirus that primarily infects components of the human immune system, such as CD4+ T cells, macrophages and dendritic TCS JNK 5a synthesis (Clapham and McKnight, 2001). HIV directly and indirectly destroys CD4+ T cells, which leads to s

• br Conclusions br Introduction G protein

  2021-09-10

  

  Conclusions Introduction G protein-coupled receptors (GPRs) share common structural motifs, including seven transmembrane helices, and the ability to activate heterotrimeric G proteins such as Gs, Gi, Gq and G12/13. A variety of GPR cellular functions are mediated by second messengers such as

• Depressed survival rate body weight and

  2021-09-10

  

  Depressed survival rate, body weight, and colon length along with elevated clinical score comprise the essential characteristics of IBD (Hung et al., 2014; Shen et al., 2011; Sun et al., 2010). In the present study, we found that SB improved the survival rate, body weight, and colon length and decre

• One clue to how evolution has solved such

  2021-09-10

  

  One clue to how evolution has solved such spatiotemporal challenges comes from studies revealing that lymph node (LN) organization is more complex than originally presumed, suggesting that steady-state microanatomical features are crucial for effective immune responses (reviewed by Qi et al., 2014).

• In this study our result suggests that exogenous GR agonist

  2021-09-09

  

  In this study, our result suggests that exogenous GR agonist DEX and GR inhibitor RU486 can affect dopaminergic neurotransmitters in the brain. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), an endogenous neuropeptide, can regulate the synthesis and release of catecholamine. McArthur et

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